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Title: Sensitivity of RT-PCR method in samples shown to be positive for Zika virus by RT-qPCR in vector competence studies
Authors: Paiva, Marcelo Henrique Santos; Guedes, Duschinka Ribeiro Duarte; Leal, Walter Soares; Ayres, Constância Flávia Junqueira

by Rebecca Broeckel, Julie M. Fox, Nicole Haese, Craig N. Kreklywich, Soila Sukulpovi-Petty, Alfred Legasse, Patricia P. Smith, Michael Denton, Carsten Corvey, Shiv Krishnan, Lois M. A. Colgin, Rebecca M. Ducore, Anne D. Lewis, Michael K. Axthelm, Marie Mandron, Pierre Cortez, Jonathan Rothblatt, Ercole Rao, Ingo Focken, Kara Carter, Gopal Sapparapau, James E. Crowe Jr., Michael S. Diamond, Daniel N. Streblow

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus that causes a febrile syndrome in humans associated with acute and chronic debilitating joint and muscle pain. Currently no licensed vaccines or therapeutics are available to prevent or treat CHIKV infections. We recently isolated a panel of potently neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), one (4N12) of which exhibited prophylactic and post-exposure therapeutic activity against CHIKV in immunocompromised mice. Here, we describe the development of an engineered CHIKV mAb, designated SVIR001, that has similar antigen binding and neutralization profiles to its parent, 4N12. Because therapeutic administration of SVIR001 in immunocompetent mice significantly reduced viral load in joint tissues, we evaluated its efficacy in a rhesus macaque model of CHIKV infection. Rhesus macaques that were treated after infection with SVIR001 showed rapid elimination of viremia and less severe joint infiltration and disease compared to animals treated with SVIR002, an isotype control mAb. SVIR001 reduced viral burden at the site of infection and at distant sites and also diminished the numbers of activated innate immune cells and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. SVIR001 therapy; however, did not substantively reduce the induction of CHIKV-specific B or T cell responses. Collectively, these results show promising therapeutic activity of a human anti-CHIKV mAb in rhesus macaques and provide proof-of-principle for its possible use in humans to treat active CHIKV infections.

Title: Primary dengue haemorrhagic fever in patients from northeast of Brazil is associated with high levels of interferon-β during acute phase
Authors: Oliveira, Renato Antônio Dos Santos; Silva, Mayara Marques Carneiro da; Silva, Carlos Eduardo Calzavara; Silva, Ana Maria; Cordeiro, Marli Tenório; Moura, Patrícia Muniz Mendes Freire de; Baptista, Paulo Neves; Marques, Ernesto Torres de Azevedo; Gil, Laura Helena Vega Gonzales

by Ari Prayitno, Anne-Frieda Taurel, Joshua Nealon, Hindra Irawan Satari, Mulya Rahma Karyanti, Rini Sekartini, Soedjatmiko Soedjatmiko, Hartono Gunardi, Bernie Endyarni Medise, R. Tedjo Sasmono, James Mark Simmerman, Alain Bouckenooghe, Sri Rezeki Hadinegoro
Background Indonesia reports the second highest dengue disease burden in the world; these data are from passive surveillance reports and are likely to be significant underestimates. Age-stratified seroprevalence data are relatively unbiased indicators of past exposure and allow understanding of transmission dynamics. Methodology/Principal Findings To better understand dengue infection history and associated risk factors in Indonesia, a representative population-based cross-sectional dengue seroprevalence study was conducted in 1–18-year-old urban children. From October to November 2014, 3,210 children were enrolled from 30 geographically dispersed clusters. Serum samples were tested for anti-dengue IgG antibodies by indirect ELISA. A questionnaire investigated associations between dengue serologic status and household socio-demographic and behavioural factors. Overall, 3,194 samples were tested, giving an adjusted national seroprevalence in this urban population of 69.4% [95% CI: 64.4–74.3] (33.8% [95% CI: 26.4–41.2] in the 1–4-year-olds, 65.4% [95% CI: 69.1–71.7] in the 5–9-year-olds, 83.1% [95% CI: 77.1–89.0] in the 10–14-year-olds, and 89.0% [95% CI: 83.9–94.1] in the 15–18-year–olds). The median age of seroconversion estimated through a linear model was 4.8 years. Using a catalytic model and considering a constant force of infection we estimated 13.1% of children experience a primary infection per year. Through a hierarchical logistic multivariate model, the subject’s age group (1–4 vs 5–9 OR = 4.25; 1–4 vs. 10–14 OR = 12.60; and 1–4 vs 15–18 OR = 21.87; p

by Ricardo Lourenço-de-Oliveira, Anna-Bella Failloux

by André Luis Costa-da-Silva, Rafaella Sayuri Ioshino, Vivian Petersen, Antonio Fernando Lima, Marielton dos Passos Cunha, Michael R. Wiley, Jason T. Ladner, Karla Prieto, Gustavo Palacios, Danuza Duarte Costa, Lincoln Suesdek, Paolo Marinho de Andrade Zanotto, Margareth Lara Capurro
Background The worldwide expansion of new emergent arboviruses such as Chikungunya and Zika reinforces the importance in understanding the role of mosquito species in spreading these pathogens in affected regions. This knowledge is essential for developing effective programs based on species specificity to avoid the establishment of endemic transmission cycles sustained by the identified local vectors. Although the first autochthonous transmission of Chikungunya virus was described in 2014 in the north of Brazil, the main outbreaks were reported in 2015 and 2016 in the northeast of Brazil. Methodology/Principal findings During 5 days of February 2016, we collected mosquitoes in homes of 6 neighborhoods of Aracaju city, the capital of Sergipe state. Four mosquito species were identified but Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti were the most abundant. Field-caught mosquitoes were tested for Chikungunya (CHIKV), Zika (ZIKV) and Dengue viruses (DENV) by qRT-PCR and one CHIKV-infected Ae. aegypti female was detected. The complete sequence of CHIKV genome was obtained from this sample and phylogenetic analysis revealed that this isolate belongs to the East-Central-South-African (ECSA) genotype. Conclusions Our study describes the first identification of a naturally CHIKV-infected Ae. aegypti in Brazil and the first report of a CHIKV from ECSA genotype identified in this species in the Americas. These findings support the notion of Ae. aegypti being a vector involved in CHIKV outbreaks in northeast of Brazil.

Title: 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomics of Plasma Unveils Liver Dysfunction in Dengue Patients
Authors: El-Bacha, Tatiana; Struchiner, Claudio J; Cordeiro, Marli Tenorio; Almeida, Fabio C L; Marques, Ernesto Torres; Da Poian, Andrea T

Title: Zika in the Americas, year 2: What have we learned? What gaps remain? A report from the Global Virus Network
Authors: Aliota, Matthew T; Bassit, Leda; Bradrick, Shelton S; Cox, Bryan; Garcia-Blanco, Mariano A; Gavegnano, Christina; Friedrich, Thomas C; Golos, Thaddeus G; Griffin, Diane E; Haddow, Andrew; Kallas, Esper G; Kitron, Uriel; Lecuit, Marc; Magnani, Diogo M; Marrs, Caroline; Mercer, Natalia; McSweegan, Edward; Ng, Lisa; O'Connor, David H; Osorio, Jorge E; Ribeiro, Guilherme de Sousa; Ricciardi, Michael; Rossi, Shannan L; Saade, George; Schinazi, Raymond F; Schott-Lerner, Geraldine O; Shan, Chao; Shi, Pei-Yong; Watkins, David I; Vasilakis, Nikos; Weaver, Scott C
Description: Ribeiro, Guilherme de Sousa. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil / Universidade Federal da Bahia. Instituto de Saúde Coletiva. Salvador, BA, Brazil. aDepartment of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison
bCenter for AIDS Research, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine,
Atlanta, GA, USA
cDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Human Infections and
Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
dWisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
eDepartment of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
fDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison.
gW. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins
Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
hVirology Division. United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases. Ft.
Detrick, MD 21702
iDivision of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo
jDepartment of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
kInstitut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit and INSERM Uni 1117
LParis Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, and Division of Infectious Diseases and
Tropical Medicine, Necker– Enfants Malades University Hospital, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
mDepartment of Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
nDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX,
USA
oSingapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR),
Singapore, Singapore
pDepartment of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison
qInstituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz and Instituto de Saúde Coletiva,
Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
r*Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity,
University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
sDepartment of Pathology, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas
Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA

Title: Multiplex PCR method for MinION and Illumina sequencing of Zika and other virus genomes directly from clinical samples
Authors: Quick, Joshua; Grubaugh, Nathan D; Pullan, Steven T; Claro, Ingra M; Smith, Andrew D; Gangavarapu, Karthik; Oliveira, Glenn; Robles-Sikisaka, Refugio; Rogers, Thomas F; Beutler, Nathan A; Burton, Dennis R; Lewis-Ximenez, Lia Laura; de Jesus, Jaqueline Goes; Giovanetti, Marta; Hill, Sarah C; Black, Allison; Bedford, Trevor; Carroll, Miles W; Nunes, Marcio; Alcantara, Luiz Carlos Júnior; Sabino, Ester Cerdeira; Baylis, Sally A; Faria, Nuno R; Loose, Matthew; Simpson, Jared T; Pybus, Oliver G; Andersen, Kristian G; Loman, Nicholas J
Description: Alcântara, Luiz Carlos Júnior. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, Brasil. 1Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. 2The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA. 3Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK. 4Department of Infectious Disease and Institute of Tropical Medicine, University
of Saõ Paulo, Saõ Paulo, Brazil. 5Scripps Translational Science Institute, La Jolla, California, USA. 6Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
7Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 8Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil. 9University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Italy. 10Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. 11Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.
12Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA. 13University of Southampton, South General Hospital, Southampton, UK. 14Instituto Evandro Chagas, Belem, Brazil. 15Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany. 16DeepSeq, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK. 17OICR, Toronto, Canada.

by Arturo Martí-Carvajal, Pilar Ramon-Pardo, Emilie Javelle, Fabrice Simon, Sylvain Aldighieri, Hacsi Horvath, Julia Rodriguez-Abreu, Ludovic Reveiz
Background Chikungunya virus infection (CHIKV) is caused by a mosquito-borne alphavirus. CHIKV causes high fever and painful rheumatic disorders that may persist for years. Because little is known about interventions for treating CHIKV-related illness, we conducted a systematic review. Methods We used Cochrane methods. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, LILACS and other sources from the earliest records to March 2016. We had no language restrictions. We included randomized controlled trials assessing any intervention for treating acute or chronic CHIKV-related illness. Our primary outcomes were pain relief, global health status (GHS) or health related quality of life (HRQL), and serious adverse events (SAEs). We assessed bias risk with the Cochrane tool and used GRADE to assess evidence quality. Results We screened 2,229 records and found five small trials with a total of 402 participants. Patients receiving chloroquine (CHQ) had better chronic pain relief than those receiving placebo (relative risk [RR] 2.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.23 to 5.77, N = 54), but acute pain relief was marginally not different between groups (mean difference [MD] 1.46, 95% CI 0.00 to 2.92, N = 54). SAEs were similar (RR = 15.00, 95% CI 0.90 to 250.24, N = 54). Comparing CHQ with paracetamol (PCM), CHQ patients had better pain relief (RR = 1.52, 95% CI 1.20 to 1.93, N = 86). Compared with hydroxychloroquine (HCHQ), disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) reduced pain (MD = -14.80, 95% CI -19.12 to -10.48, N = 72). DMARDs patients had less disability (MD = -0.74, 95% CI -0.92 to -0.56, N = 72) and less disease activity (MD = -1.35; 95% CI -1.70 to -1.00; N = 72). SAEs were similar between DMARDs and HCHQ groups (RR = 2.84, 95% CI 0.12 to 67.53, N = 72). Comparing meloxicam (MXM) with CHQ, there was no difference in pain relief (MD = 0.24, 95% CI = -0.81 to 1.29; p = 0.65, N = 70), GHS or HRQL (MD = -0.31, 95% CI -2.06 to 1.44, N = 70) or SAEs (RR = 0.85, 95% CI 0.30 to 2.42, N = 70). Finally, a four-arm trial (N = 120) compared aceclofenac (ACF) monotherapy to ACF+HCHQ, ACF+ prednisolone (PRD), or ACF+HCHQ+PRD. Investigators found reduced pain (p

by Gonzalo M. Vazquez-Prokopec, Anuar Medina-Barreiro, Azael Che-Mendoza, Felipe Dzul-Manzanilla, Fabian Correa-Morales, Guillermo Guillermo-May, Wilbert Bibiano-Marín, Valentín Uc-Puc, Eduardo Geded-Moreno, José Vadillo-Sánchez, Jorge Palacio-Vargas, Scott A. Ritchie, Audrey Lenhart, Pablo Manrique-Saide

The operational impact of deltamethrin resistance on the efficacy of indoor insecticide applications to control Aedes aegypti was evaluated in Merida, Mexico. A randomized controlled trial quantified the efficacy of indoor residual spraying (IRS) against adult Ae. aegypti in houses treated with either deltamethrin (to which local Ae. aegypti expressed a high degree of resistance) or bendiocarb (to which local Ae. aegypti were fully susceptible) as compared to untreated control houses. All adult Ae. aegypti infestation indices during 3 months post-spraying were significantly lower in houses treated with bendiocarb compared to untreated houses (odds ratio

by Diogo M. Magnani, Cassia G. T. Silveira, Brandon C. Rosen, Michael J. Ricciardi, Núria Pedreño-Lopez, Martin J. Gutman, Varian K. Bailey, Helen S. Maxwell, Aline Domingues, Lucas Gonzalez-Nieto, Vivian I. Avelino-Silva, Mateus Trindade, Juliana Nogueira, Consuelo S. Oliveira, Alvino Maestri, Alvina Clara Felix, José Eduardo Levi, Mauricio L. Nogueira, Mauricio A. Martins, José M. Martinez-Navio, Sebastian P. Fuchs, Stephen S. Whitehead, Dennis R. Burton, Ronald C. Desrosiers, Esper G. Kallas, David I. Watkins

The isolation of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (nmAbs) against the Zika virus (ZIKV) might lead to novel preventative strategies for infections in at-risk individuals, primarily pregnant women. Here we describe the characterization of human mAbs from the plasmablasts of an acutely infected patient. One of the 18 mAbs had the unusual feature of binding to and neutralizing ZIKV despite not appearing to have been diversified by affinity maturation. This mAb neutralized ZIKV (Neut50 ~ 2 μg/ml) but did not react with any of the four dengue virus serotypes. Except for the expected junctional diversity created by the joining of the V-(D)-J genes, there was no deviation from immunoglobulin germline genes. This is a rare example of a human mAb with neutralizing activity in the absence of detectable somatic hypermutation. Importantly, binding of this mAb to ZIKV was specifically inhibited by human plasma from ZIKV-exposed individuals, suggesting that it may be of value in a diagnostic setting.

Title: Dengue as a cause of fever during pregnancy: a report of two cases
Authors: Souza, Ariani Impieri; Ferreira, Ana Laura Carneiro Gomes; Arraes, Matheus Alencar; Moura, Bruno Marcelo; Braga, Maria Cynthia

by Francielle Tramontini Gomes de Sousa Cardozo, Gyulnar Baimukanova, Marion Christine Lanteri, Sheila Marie Keating, Frederico Moraes Ferreira, John Heitman, Cláudio Sérgio Pannuti, Shibani Pati, Camila Malta Romano, Ester Cerdeira Sabino
Background Although most of cases of dengue infections are asymptomatic or mild symptomatic some individuals present warning signs progressing to severe dengue in which plasma leakage is a hallmark. Methodology/Principal findings The present study used Electric Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS®) which allows for electrical monitoring of cellular barrier function measuring changes in Transendothelial Electric Resistance (TEER) to investigate the parameters associated with dengue induced leakage. Three groups of individuals were tested: dengue-positives with plasma leakage (leakage), dengue-positives without plasma leakage (no leakage), and dengue-negatives (control). Data show that TEER values of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was significantly lower after incubation with serum from subjects of the leakage group in comparison to the no leakage or control groups. The serum levels of CXCL1, EGF, eotaxin, IFN-γ, sCD40L, and platelets were significantly decreased in the leakage group, while IL-10, IL-6, and IP-10 levels were significantly increased. We also found a strong correlation between TEER values and augmented levels of IP-10, GM-CSF, IL-1α, and IL-8, as well as decreased levels of CXCL1 and platelets. Conclusions/Significance The present work shows that the magnitude of the immune response contributes to the adverse plasma leakage outcomes in patients and that serum components are important mediators of changes in endothelial homeostasis during dengue infections. In particular, the increased levels of IP-10 and the decreased levels of CXCL1 and platelets seem to play a significant role in the disruption of vascular endothelium associated with leakage outcomes after DENV infection. These findings may have important implications for both diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to predict and mitigate vascular permeabilization in those experiencing the most severe clinical disease outcomes after dengue infection.

by Giel P. Göertz, Chantal B. F. Vogels, Corinne Geertsema, Constantianus J. M. Koenraadt, Gorben P. Pijlman
Background Zika virus (ZIKV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) are highly pathogenic arthropod-borne viruses that are currently a serious health burden in the Americas, and elsewhere in the world. ZIKV and CHIKV co-circulate in the same geographical regions and are mainly transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. There is a growing number of case reports of ZIKV and CHIKV co-infections in humans, but it is uncertain whether co-infection occurs via single or multiple mosquito bites. Here we investigate the potential of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes to transmit both ZIKV and CHIKV in one bite, and we assess the consequences of co-infection on vector competence. Methodology/Principal findings First, growth curves indicated that co-infection with CHIKV negatively affects ZIKV production in mammalian, but not in mosquito cells. Next, Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were infected with ZIKV, CHIKV, or co-infected via an infectious blood meal or intrathoracic injections. Infection and transmission rates, as well as viral titers of positive mosquitoes, were determined at 14 days after blood meal or 7 days after injection. Saliva and bodies of (co-)infected mosquitoes were scored concurrently for the presence of ZIKV and/or CHIKV using a dual-colour immunofluorescence assay. The results show that orally exposed Ae. aegypti mosquitoes are highly competent, with transmission rates of up to 73% for ZIKV, 21% for CHIKV, and 12% of mosquitoes transmitting both viruses in one bite. However, simultaneous oral exposure to both viruses did not change infection and transmission rates compared to exposure to a single virus. Intrathoracic injections indicate that the selected strain of Ae. aegypti has a strong salivary gland barrier for CHIKV, but a less profound barrier for ZIKV. Conclusions/Significance This study shows that Ae. aegypti can transmit both ZIKV and CHIKV via a single bite. Furthermore, co-infection of ZIKV and CHIKV does not influence the vector competence of Ae. aegypti.

by Dewi Megawati, Sri Masyeni, Benediktus Yohan, Asri Lestarini, Rahma F. Hayati, Febrina Meutiawati, Ketut Suryana, Tangking Widarsa, Dewa G. Budiyasa, Ngurah Budiyasa, Khin S. A. Myint, R. Tedjo Sasmono

A high number of dengue cases are reported annually in Bali. Despite the endemicity, limited data on dengue is available for Bali localities. Molecular surveillance study was conducted to explore the clinical and virological characteristics of dengue patients in urban Denpasar and rural Gianyar areas in Bali during the peak season in 2015. A total of 205 adult dengue-suspected patients were recruited in a prospective cross-sectional study. Demographic and clinical information were obtained, and dengue screening was performed using NS1 and IgM/IgG ELISAs. Viral RNA was subsequently extracted from patients’ sera for serotyping using conventional RT-PCR and Simplexa Dengue real-time RT-PCR, followed by genotyping with sequencing method. We confirmed 161 patients as having dengue by NS1 and RT-PCR. Among 154 samples successfully serotyped, the DENV-3 was predominant, followed by DENV-1, DENV-2, and DENV-4. Serotype predominance was different between Denpasar and Gianyar. Genotyping results classify DENV-1 isolates into Genotype I and DENV-2 as Cosmopolitan Genotype. The classification grouped isolates into Genotype I and II for DENV-3 and DENV-4, respectively. Clinical parameters showed no relationship between infecting serotypes and severity. We observed the genetic diversity of circulating DENV isolates and their relatedness with historical data and importation to other countries. Our data highlights the role of this tourist destination as a potential source of dengue transmission in the region.

by Cheong Huat Tan, PeiSze Jeslyn Wong, Meizhi Irene LI, HuiTing Yang, Lee Ching Ng, Scott Leslie O’Neill
Background Zika (ZIKV) and Chikungunya (CHIKV) viruses are emerging Aedes-borne viruses that are spreading outside their known geographic range and causing wide-scale epidemics. It has been reported that these viruses can be transmitted efficiently by Ae. aegypti. Recent studies have shown that Ae. aegypti when transinfected with certain Wolbachia strains shows a reduced replication and dissemination of dengue (DENV), Chikungunya (CHIKV), and Yellow Fever (YFV) viruses. The aim of this study was to determine whether the wMel strain of Wolbachia introgressed onto a Singapore Ae. aegypti genetic background was able to limit ZIKV and CHIKV infection in the mosquito. Methodology/Principal findings Five to seven-day old mosquitoes either infected or uninfected with wMel Wolbachia were orally infected with a Ugandan strain of ZIKV and several outbreak strains of CHIKV. The midgut and salivary glands of each mosquito were sampled at days 6, 9 and 13 days post infectious blood meal to determine midgut infection and salivary glands dissemination rates, respectively. In general, all wild type Ae. aegypti were found to have high ZIKV and CHIKV infections in their midguts and salivary glands, across all sampling days, compared to Wolbachia infected counterparts. Median viral titre for all viruses in Wolbachia infected mosquitoes were significantly lower across all time points when compared to wild type mosquitoes. Most significantly, all but two and one of the wMel infected mosquitoes had no detectable ZIKV and CHIKV, respectively, in their salivary glands at 14 days post-infectious blood meal. Conclusions Our results showed that wMel limits both ZIKV and CHIKV infection when introgressed into a Singapore Ae. aegypti genetic background. These results also strongly suggest that female Aedes aegypti carrying Wolbachia will have a reduced capacity to transmit ZIKV and CHIKV.

by Amanda Vicente-Santos, Andres Moreira-Soto, Claudio Soto-Garita, Luis Guillermo Chaverri, Andrea Chaves, Jan Felix Drexler, Juan Alberto Morales, Alejandro Alfaro-Alarcón, Bernal Rodríguez-Herrera, Eugenia Corrales-Aguilar

Several studies have shown Dengue Virus (DENV) nucleic acids and/or antibodies present in Neotropical wildlife including bats, suggesting that some bat species may be susceptible to DENV infection. Here we aim to elucidate the role of house-roosting bats in the DENV transmission cycle. Bats were sampled in households located in high and low dengue incidence regions during rainy and dry seasons in Costa Rica. We captured 318 bats from 12 different species in 29 households. Necropsies were performed in 205 bats to analyze virus presence in heart, lung, spleen, liver, intestine, kidney, and brain tissue. Histopathology studies from all organs showed no significant findings of disease or infection. Sera were analyzed by PRNT90 for a seroprevalence of 21.2% (51/241), and by PCR for 8.8% (28/318) positive bats for DENV RNA. From these 28 bats, 11 intestine samples were analyzed by RT-PCR. Two intestines were DENV RNA positive for the same dengue serotype detected in blood. Viral isolation from all positive organs or blood was unsuccessful. Additionally, viral load analyses in positive blood samples by qRT-PCR showed virus concentrations under the minimal dose required for mosquito infection. Simultaneously, 651 mosquitoes were collected using EVS-CO2 traps and analyzed for DENV and feeding preferences (bat cytochrome b). Only three mosquitoes were found DENV positive and none was positive for bat cytochrome b. Our results suggest an accidental presence of DENV in bats probably caused from oral ingestion of infected mosquitoes. Phylogenetic analyses suggest also a spillover event from humans to bats. Therefore, we conclude that bats in these urban environments do not sustain DENV amplification, they do not have a role as reservoirs, but function as epidemiological dead end hosts for this virus.

by Pablo A. Reyes-Castro, Lucía Castro-Luque, Rolando Díaz-Caravantes, Kathleen R. Walker, Mary H. Hayden, Kacey C. Ernst
Background Government-administered adulticiding is frequently conducted in response to dengue transmission worldwide. Anecdotal evidence suggests that spraying may create a “false sense of security” for residents. Our objective was to determine if there was an association between residents’ reporting outdoor spatial insecticide spraying as way to prevent dengue transmission and both their reported frequency of dengue prevention practices and household entomological indices in Hermosillo, Mexico. Methodology/Principal findings A non-probabilistic survey of 400 households was conducted in August 2014. An oral questionnaire was administered to an adult resident and the outer premises of the home were inspected for water-holding containers and presence of Ae. aegypti larvae and pupae. Self-reported frequency of prevention practices were assessed among residents who reported outdoor spatial spraying as a strategy to prevent dengue (n = 93) and those who did not (n = 307). Mixed effects negative binomial regression was used to assess associations between resident’s reporting spraying as a means to prevent dengue and container indices. Mixed effects logistic regression was used to determine associations with presence/absence of larvae and pupae. Those reporting spatial spraying disposed of trash less frequently and spent less time indoors to avoid mosquitoes. They also used insecticides and larvicides more often and covered their water containers more frequently. Their backyards had more containers positive for Ae. aegypti (RR = 1.92) and there was a higher probability of finding one or more Ae. aegypti pupae (OR = 2.20). Survey respondents that reported spatial spraying prevented dengue were more likely to be older and were exposed to fewer media sources regarding prevention. Conclusions/Significance The results suggest that the perception that outdoor spatial spraying prevents dengue is associated with lower adoption of prevention practices and higher entomological risk. This provides some support to the hypothesis that spraying may lead to a “false sense of security”. Further investigations to clarify this relationship should be conducted. Government campaigns should emphasize the difficulty in controlling Ae. aegypti mosquitoes and the need for both government and community action to minimize risk of dengue transmission.

Sessão Científica do Departamento de Epidemiologia e Métodos Quantitativos da ENSP (DEMQS/ENSP/Fiocruz)

Mesa-redonda do curso de inverno Avaliação de Programas de Controle de Processos Endêmicos

Participação de Paulo Pinheiro no Encontro de Conjuntura e Saúde, realizado no dia 16/05/2008, no auditório da Escola Politécnica de Saúde Joaquim Venâncio (EPSJV) e foi promovido pelo Observatório de Conjuntura da Política de Saúde da ENSP em parceria com o Centro Brasileiro de Estudos em Saúde (Cebes). Em breve mais informações sobre o trabalho

Debate com membros da mesa e público no Encontro de Conjuntura e Saúde, realizado no dia 16/05/2008, no auditório da Escola Politécnica de Saúde Joaquim Venâncio (EPSJV) e foi promovido pelo Observatório de Conjuntura da Política de Saúde da ENSP em parceria com o Centro Brasileiro de Estudos em Saúde (Cebes). Em breve mais informações sobre o trabalho.

Apresentação de Eduardo S. P. Maranhão durante o V Seminário Nacional 'Saúde, Previdência e Assistência Social - Desafios e Propostas Estratégicas' , realizado na Fundação Getúlio Vargas (FGV) no dia 12 de novembro de 2008.

Trabalho apresentado por Eduardo S. P. Maranhão, médico especializado em clínica médica (médico de Saúde da Família), epidemiologista e sanitarista do Departamento de epidemiologia e métodos quantitativos em saúde (Demqs) da Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca da Fiocruz no ano de 2008.

Apresenta a confiabilidade do diagnóstico final de dengue na epidemia 2001-2002 no Município do Rio do Rio de Janeiro

O tema é 'Equidade, Ética e Direito à Saúde: Desafios à Saúde Coletiva na Mundialização'

Cartilha de autoria de Caco Xavier, com edição de Gustavo Barbosa e Projeto de Rabaça & Associados, elaborada com o apoio da Secretaria de Estado de Saúde; Defesa Civil; Petrobras S/A e Fetransport.

Palestra de Paulo Chagastelles Sabroza, proferida no no 3º dia do IV Ciclo de Debates 'Conversando sobre a Estratégia de Saúde da Família", realizado pelo CEENSP no Auditório térreo da ENSP, dia 07 de Maio de 2008.

Contribuições dos debatedores da palestra de Paulo Chagastelles Sabroza, dia 07/05/2008 no 3º dia do IV Ciclo de debates Conversando sobre a Estratégia de Saúde da Familia e CEENSP, evento realizado no Auditório Térreo da ENSP.